Glossary

General
Operations & products
Environmental
Social
Economic

Term	Definition
Brownfield exploration	Exploration directed at sustaining or growing existing Group business units. With processing infrastructure already in place, capital expenditure requirements for developing brownfield orebodies are usually lower than in a greenfield setting.
Cradle to gate life cycle assessment	An LCA covering all life cycle phases from production to that business's gate and not beyond.
Cradle to customer gate life cycle assessment:	An LCA covering all life cycle phases from production to customer gate, and therefore including transport to customer. Cradle to (customer) gate assessments are sometimes the basis for environmental product declarations (EPD).
Greenfield exploration	Exploration which aims to establish completely new operating business units, involving geographic or commodity diversification away from existing Group operations.
Industry level life cycle assessment	A LCA compiled by an industry or commodity association or related body for a generic product based on aggregated data collected from industry sources (ie not company specific).
Key products	Products from which major business revenue is obtained (>10% of revenue per product). This would include major products sold by businesses from which >10% net revenue is gained and/ or waste or by-products from which major revenue is gained. Examples of key products include iron lump, iron fines, copper cathode, gold, borates, uranium oxide, steel powder, and molybdenum oxide.
Life cycle assessment (LCA)	A technical analytical procedure or method that includes the collation of the environmental inputs and outputs related to a production process (life cycle inventory), followed by a scientific assessment of the potential environmental impacts of a product (life cycle impact assessment - LCIA). Described by ISO 14040 series.
Managed operation	A managed operation is defined as an operation where: Rio Tinto wholly owns the operation; or A management agreement is in place which names Rio Tinto as the manager; or Rio Tinto HSEC systems and processes are fully implemented.
Partial life cycle assessment	An analytical procedure to compile and evaluate the environmental inputs and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product where the scope has been limited to address a specific impact category (for example global warming potential or ecotoxicity) or a lifecycle phase.
Product specific life cycle assessment	A life cycle assessment completed in-house for a specific product produced by the business.
Tier 1 resources	Large, low cost resources that are profitable at all parts of the natural price cycle and deliver a sustainable competitive advantage.